The voice 8: ‘Shocking’ Lack Of Black Teachers In Bristol Schools

BBC documentary has found there are just 26 black teachers working in Bristol's secondary schools, out of more than 1,300 teachers, which equates to just 1.9% of teachers currently employed in the city.

The documentary Inside Out West findings, resulted in the investigation concluding that the lack of black teachers in Bristol as "shocking" and "terrible".

Despite focusing on Bristol, the shortage of black teachers is a national issue. According to official Government figures, just 13 percent of state-funded schools’ teachers are currently from black and other minority backgrounds (BME), compared to 27 percent of pupils.

This news stories holds ideologies of the voice as they focus on black people and black feminism as a a way of empowering them.

CALIFORNIANS DISPLACED BY WILDFIRES ARE NOW GETTING SICK WITH A “HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS” VIRUS teen vogue

CALIFORNIANS DISPLACED BY WILDFIRES ARE NOW GETTING SICK WITH A “HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS” VIRUS

A Norovirus Outbreak Spreads Among California Wildfire Shelter-Teen Vogue

Following the dreadful fires in California, 45 people in four shelters have become sick with Norovirus, a highly contagious gastrointestinal illness and the numbers keep increasing everyday. Then virus can easily spread from person to person, through direct contact, contaminated food, water and surfaces. Most infected people develop symptoms — including diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, and stomach pain — 12 to 48 hours after being exposed, and recover within one to three days. The article stresses the importance of regularly washing your hands and food thoroughly. It also states that those diagnosed should stay at home until two days after they get better, to prevent the spread of the virus.

This is an example of hard news because it is to do with fire, death and disease. Teen Vogue readers will appreciate this article as it, not only informs them on updates on the fire in California (continuity), but it also respects the fact that they care about more than just hair and beauty. 

This is an example of quality journalism and we could argue that it is better than some of Daily Mail’s articles. It is well written, concise and informative.

Teen Vogue - Audience and Representation

Audience

1) Analyse the Conde Nast media pack for Teen Vogue. What is the Teen Vogue mission statement and what does this tell us about the target audience and audience pleasures?

Their mission statement is to empower, enlighten and empower and this means that the audience pleasures include surveillance as it provides a political agenda and information that audiences would want to know. There could also be audience pleasure of personal relationships as it provides an inclusive environment and amplifying voices so audiences feel engaged.

2) What is the target audience for Teen Vogue? Use the media pack to pick out key aspects of the audience demographics. Also, consider the psychographic groups that would be attracted to Teen Vogue: make specific reference to the website design or certain articles to support your points regarding this.

The target audience is still interested in celebrity content and beauty – which Teen Vogue addresses by featuring the ‘opinion leaders’ (two-step flow) of social media. They tend to target young girl audiences like the generation z as it raises issues to do with 'pop feminism'. The psychographics would include middle class who are aspirers as they have goals they want to achieve.

3) What audience pleasures or gratifications can be found in Teen Vogue? Do these differ from the gratifications of traditional print-based magazines?

There could also be audience pleasure of personal relationships as it provides an inclusive environment and amplifying voices so audiences feel engaged. This also provides surveillance about gender fluidity as it is a progressive magazine. This is also a 'woke' magazine as it raises awareness building this sense of personal identity so now you can identify yourself on the spectrum of today's society,

4) How is the audience positioned to respond to political news stories?
The audience is positioned to respond by giving their own voice and political agenda because it talks about issues that are very discreet in society. 


5) How does Teen Vogue encourage audiences to interact with the brand – and each other – on social media? The ‘tentpoles and editorial pillars’ section of the media pack may help with this question.
Teen Vogue encourages the audience to interact with the brand on social media by providing adverts and banners as it also had a June event that focused on activism. Another one focused on career called '@work' which means that there is online connectivity for audiences to engage with.

Representations

1) Look again at the Conde Nast media pack for Teen Vogue. What do the ‘tentpoles and editorial pillars’ (key events and features throughout the year) suggest about the representation of women and teenage girls on teenvogue.com?

The keys events were:

• '@work'
• 'turn up'

This magazine is aimed at young teenage girls and by providing them with these events gives them a sense of encouragement and individuality. These things are constantly being 'amplified' to make young females career orientated and confident with themselves.

2) How are issues of gender identity and sexuality represented in Teen Vogue?
This issues in the magazine are given a progressive approach as there is awareness of gender fluidity and multiculturalism.

3) Do representations of appearance or beauty in Teen Vogue reinforce or challenge traditional stereotypes?
The appearance of beauty in teen vogue challenge traditional stereotypes as we see the example of Skai Jackson she is a young black female, represented with an afro and is declining western norms and values as she is proud of it.

4) What is the patriarchy and how does Teen Vogue challenge it? Does it succeed? 

I believe that it challenges patriarchy as this magazine is providing a voice for young girls and is set out like a 'movement'. Feminist bloggers and websites such as Rookie and liberal blog Jezebel have been credited with changing the representation of women and feminism in the digital age.
This can be linked to Clay Shirky’s ‘end of audience’ theory with digital influencers changing the media landscape for women – and established mainstream brands like Teen Vogue are following to stay relevant.

5) Does Teen Vogue reinforce or challenge typical representations of celebrity?
This argument goes back to Skai Jackson as she is presented with her Afro declining this western culture and really flaunting her black characteristics and this challenges typical representations of celeberities being young white females.

Feature: how Teen Vogue represents the changing nature of media aimed at women

Read this Quartz feature - The true story of how Teen Vogue got mad, got woke, and began terrifying men like Donald Trump - and answer the following questions:

1) How was the Teen Vogue op-ed on Donald Trump received on social media?


2) How have newspapers and magazines generally categorised and targeted news by gender?

Newspapers and magazines target news by gender as certain sections target different audiences like having fashion, beauty, parenting and celebrity being separate from men and woman. For example, the arts literature sections that are politically hard agenda would be mostly targeted at males along with cooking being targeted at females.

3) How is this gender bias still present in the modern media landscape?

There are more females graduating in journalism than men. However, the bias is present as men make up 65% of the political journalists and 62% of reporters covering “business and economics”.

4) What impact did the alternative women’s website Jezebel have on the women’s magazine market?
It changed the way magazines operated. It helped to create a unity between women journalism and serious journalism as it helped to destroy the feminine stereotypes of women just reading about makeup cooking and fashion. This challenged stereotypes through blogs and claimed that mainstream publication for women should stop as there should be around what they actually have to say.

5) Do you agree with the writer that female audiences can enjoy celebrity news and beauty tips alongside hard-hitting political coverage? Does this explain the recent success of Teen Vogue?
I agree with this because now in modern society there are plenty of women that have jobs in the political agenda. There may still be some lacking as we know in the house of lords women only make up 25% of the lords. However, this does mean there is still a shift from ever before and women are showing interest in politics and not only things to do with the feminine agenda.

6) How does the writer suggest feminists used to be represented in the media?
The writer suggests that feminists used to be presented as being uninterested aesthetics and pleasure and now that women do talk about all the things linked with femininity they are labelled as fluffy.

7) What is the more modern representation of feminism? Do you agree that this makes feminism ‘stereotyped as fluffy’?
I do not agree that this makes women fluffy because at the same time men could also be interested in these things as there are males who are makeup artists. Females should not stop all of this to make them a real feminist because there is nothing that stops men doing from they do to make them feminists.

8) What contrasting audience pleasures for Teen Vogue are suggested by the writer in the article as a whole?
As a whole, this magazine provides surveillance and personal relationships to be formed with this magazine as it includes things as a variety. This means that it does not only hinder upon issues just for females but challenges stereotypes.

9) The writer suggests that this change in representation and audience pleasures for media products aimed at women has emerged from the feminist-blog movement. How can this be linked to Clay Shirky’s ‘end of audience’ theory?
This can be linked to his theory as he suggests that now in society audience have more power than ever before to change things. This is through social media being used as a vessel and allowing the opinion to impact the audience.

10) Is Teen Vogue simply a product of the Trump presidency or will websites and magazines aimed at women continue to become more hard-hitting and serious in their offering to audiences?
I believed that websites and magazines aimed at women will continue to be hard-hitting and serious 

as now women do hold a position in the political spectrum than before.

Learner response: Newspapers assessment

1) Type up your feedback in full (you don't need to write the mark and grade if you want to keep this confidential).
WWW: very good answer for question 5  detailed and balanced.
EBI: What went wrong with question 4? improve timing

2) Read the whole mark scheme for this assessment carefully. Identify three potential points that you could have made in your Question 3 answer - the i newspaper standing for "quality, clarity and independence".

• Stories are generally presented with balance: on chosen CSP edition, Theresa May’s Brexit (“The Salzburg disaster”) front-page story is balanced with a double-page spread inside which includes analysis column acknowledging the difficulty of her job.
• Launched by Russian billionaire Alexander Lebedev so question marks over true independence.
• The inews.co.uk website and Twitter feed are full of ‘clickbait’ such as upcoming Netflix releases and viral stories (“Boy with autism receives 3,000 birthday cards”). This does not suggest “Quality, clarity and independence”, rather a demand for audience clicks and profit

3) Now use the mark scheme to identify three potential points that you could have made in your Question 4 answer - arguments against statutory regulation of the newspaper industry.

• IPSO is more powerful than the PCC and can find newspapers and order them to print corrections or apologies on the front page. The Daily Mail has been forced to do this on several occasions, for example following a story regarding an Iraqi man’s compensation claim.
• Newspapers must be free to pursue investigative journalism – Clay Shirky describes news as a “social good” that is so vital to democracy.
• The 'i' already stands for “quality, clarity and independence” – if it is failing to do this, the pluralist media marketplace will see audiences go elsewhere. Government regulation should not be required.

4) Now use the mark scheme to identify three potential points that you could have made in your Question 5 answer - whether the pluralist model allows the newspaper industry to operate effectively.

• In recent years, the Daily Mail has generated considerable controversy over its Brexit coverage, branding three high court judges ‘Enemies of the people’ for a judicial ruling on whether Brexit is subject to a vote in Parliament. Although criticised for politicising the rule of law and using inflammatory language such as ‘traitors’, this arguably demonstrates the British press adhering to pluralist values.
• In terms of ‘a variety of values and ideologies’, the Daily Mail promotes a strongly rightwing, anti-immigration, pro-Brexit line (although this has softened somewhat recently with the appointment of Geordie Greig to replace Paul Dacre). The front page story (and p6-7 double-page spread) on 21 September illustrates this with Theresa May’s Salzburg summit on Brexit presented as ‘Furious May: We’re ready to walk away’.
• Theoretically, the newspaper industry supports the pluralist model – success or failure of newspapers is driven by audience demand and the staggering decline in UK print newspaper sales demonstrates this (30m in 2003 to 12m in 2017 – Ofcom). The 'i' bucked this trend by launching in the digital age and yet remaining profitable – clearly offering audiences something they couldn’t get elsewhere.

5) Finally, look over your mark, teacher comments and the mark scheme - plus your answers to the task above - to write a complete essay plan for Question 5. 

Intro:
Describe pluralism as being what audiences are interested in and have the freedom to choose what they are interested in.
Set up the debate the symmetry between readers and constitutions.
Newspaper industry supports pluralism to a significant extent.

Paragraph 1:

• Individuals are free to choose what they read and opinion is made diverse.
• Success or failure of newspapers is driven by audience demand and the staggering decline in UK print newspaper sales demonstrates this (30m in 2003 to 12m in 2017 – Ofcom). 
• Mail online has 'Sidebar of shame' so it focuses on celebrity and not just political news.
• Addictive to audiences because of audiences more liberal towards what is chose Martin Markle describes it as 'sticky addictive'.

Paragraph 2:

• Curran and Seaton argue that audiences need to be empowered if media industries are to operate effectively. This is questionable in the newspaper industry. MailOnline is driven by audience clicks rather than professional editors (gatekeepers). This arguably does significant harm to the industry, reducing news to ‘clickbait’, celebrity gossip and the ‘sidebar of shame’ that MailOnline is infamous for.
• Readership and circulation increases as a result- has stories that run audiences opinion like showing concern of Nhs having the ongoing narrative of Brexit.

Paragraph 3:

• Clay Shirky has discussed the ‘End of the audience’ and the rise in ‘mass amateurisation’. This may be an example of the rise of pluralism but it is arguably destroying trust in news and the ability for traditional news institutions to make money (Shirky describes the internet leading to “an abundance of content and a scarcity of profit”).
• Citizen journalism may have influenced the news agenda in places (overruling traditional editors broadly following Galtung and Ruge’s News Values) but it is also poor quality, difficult to verify and often soft news ‘clickbait’ rather than important for society.

Paragraph 4:

• In terms of ‘a variety of values and ideologies’, the Daily Mail promotes a strongly rightwing, anti-immigration, pro-Brexit line (although this has softened somewhat recently with the appointment of Geordie Greig to replace Paul Dacre).
• Paul Dacre edited the newspaper despite not being politically engaged with the opinions in the newspaper but still agreed due to the editorial stance of it.
• The front page story (and p6-7 double-page spread) on 21 September illustrates this with Theresa May’s Salzburg summit on Brexit presented as ‘Furious May: We’re ready to walk away’. In the feature, the EU is represented as ‘faceless bureaucrats’ who are stopping May’s patriotic and reasonable stance.

Paragraph 5:

• The 'i' newspaper is generally viewed as leftwing despite its mission statement of “Quality, clarity and independence”. Indeed, the 'i’s parent paper the Independent launched in 1986 with the banner: “Free from party political bias, free from proprietorial influence”.
• The briefing on p2) explicitly offers readers a broad diet with pages summarising the content and editorial line from other news publications from the UK and worldwide. 
• Perhaps the 'i' newspaper captures pluralist ideals while the Daily Mail offers evidence for Marxists of a ‘ruling elite’
• Conglomerates have a large majority of the power so holds the audience demand as a result.

You can either use something similar to your actual answer or alternatively start from scratch. Make sure it is an extensive, detailed plan focused on the question (Curran & Seaton, pluralism and how effective the newspaper industry operates) and make sure you include specific references to the CSPs - the i and Daily Mail/MailOnline. Aim for around five paragraphs in total and make sure you cover both sides of the argument to some extent.

Teen vogue background and reading textual analysis blog tasks:

1) What was the article that announced Teen Vogue as a more serious, political website – with 1.3m hits and counting?
Donald Trump gaslighting America - Article

2) When was the original Teen Vogue magazine launched and what was its original content?
2004 and original content was fashion and celebrity gossip.

3) How did editor Elaine Welteroth change Teen Vogue’s approach in 2015?
They introduced three unknown black models on the cover and the main model was not a celebrity.

4) How many stories are published on Teen Vogue a day? What topics do they cover?
50-70 stories published a day and cover fashion, entertainment and current affairs.

5) What influence did digital director Phillip Picardi have over the editorial direction?
He diversified the backgrounds of people in the newsroom as he raised issues of gender and sexism.

6) What is Teen Vogue’s audience demographic and what does ‘woke’ refer to?
The politician term of African American origin that refers to an awareness of issues concerning social justice.

7) What issues are most important to Teen Vogue readers?
Identity is major for young readers as this gives empowerment to individuals through politics.

8) What does Tavi Gevinson suggest regarding the internet and ‘accountability culture’ with regards to modern audiences? Can you link this to our work on Clay Shirky?
she believes that now readers have more of a closer relationship with brands and the internet has helped subvert expectations of girls magazines.

9) What social and political issues have been covered successfully by Teen Vogue?

Social and political unrest, Trump’s election created something of a perfect storm for Picardi’s new political agenda; the Teen Vogue news desk had already caused a stir with strong coverage of the Dakota Access pipeline protests and the Black Lives Matter movement

10) What do Teen Vogue readers think of the magazine and website?

They believe it is important for young readers to read to educate young minds so they can form a political identity.

Teen Vogue textual analysis and example articles

Work through the following tasks to complete your textual analysis of the Teen Vogue website and read notable Teen Vogue articles to refer to in exam answers. 

Homepage analysis

Go to the Teen Vogue homepage and answer the following:

1) What website key conventions can you find on the Teen Vogue homepage?

• menu bar promoting news and politics as the most important.
• photos for visual impact
• hashtags
• reflective of ideologies of typical fashion magazines

2) How does the page design encourage audience engagement?
The page encourages audience engagement with hashtags and pictures that relate to the story allowing the audience to become familiar with these aspects. It has surveillance and diversion for audiences something that everyone is interested in.

3) Where does advertising appear on the homepage?
It appears in the middle of the homepage.

4) What are the items in the top menu bar and what does this tell you about the content of Teen Vogue?

The items include fashion and politics, wellness and entertainment suggesting it is a website covering broad issues and is concerned with individualistic needs as well.

5) How far does the homepage scroll down? How many stories appear on the homepage in total?

There are around 30+ stories on the homepage and scrolls down quite a fair bit.

Lifestyle section

Now analyse the Lifestyle section of Teen Vogue and answer the following:

1) What are the items in the top menu bar for the Lifestyle section?
The menu bar for the lifestyle section includes tech, campus life, careers, decorating ideas and food.

2) How is the Lifestyle section designed to encourage audience engagement? Think about page design, images, text and more.
The page design has vibrant images and colours to engage the audience along with 

 3) What do you notice about the way headlines are written in Teen Vogue?

4) What does the focus on education, university and ‘campus life’ tell you about the Teen Vogue audience demographics and psychographics?
This tells readers that it considers student life and aims to target young students as the demographic. The psychographic could allude to as being strugglers or aspirers who are striving to reach their goals or either are struggling to cope.

5) Choose three stories featured in the Lifestyle section – why do they fit the Teen Vogue brand?

Five key articles

Read the following five notable Teen Vogue features then answer the questions below for EACH feature.

Donald Trump Is Gaslighting America

The new face of teen activism 

Black Teens Have Been Fighting for Gun Reform for YearsNetflix and strong female leads 

How to Break Away From the Gender Binary

For each article:

Black Teens Have Been Fighting for Gun Reform for YearsNetflix and strong female leads 

1) Who is the writer and what is the article about?
Writer: Lincoln Anthony Blades 
This article is about black teens who have been fighting for gun reforms for years through campaigns and anti-gun rallies that have been organised. It claims how celebrities such as Oprah Winfrey who donated some money to help.

2) How does the article use narrative to engage the reader? Try and apply narrative theory here if possible.

The narrative is used to engage the reader through Todorov's equilibrium theory because mass shootings are seen as the disequilibrium and this protest could be seen as the new equilibrium that is resolving this issue.

3) Why is this article significant?

This article is significant because young black teens are seen to be running this protest and normally they would be the ones victimised for mass shootings. It can also be significant due to celebrities donating money.

4) How does this article reflect the values and ideologies of the modern Teen Vogue?

This reflects ideologies of teen vogue as it is providing a 'voice' for young adults who wish to make a difference and that is what teen vogue aim to do. This could also reflect the values of Galtung's and rouge's theory as it is an event that is in the media quite often and can also be seen as continuity as it could be perceived as a running story.

How to Break Away From the Gender Binary

1) Who is the writer and what is the article about?

Writer: Samantha Riedel

This article is about how gender should not be stated at birth as sex characteristics should not be associated with gender expression. Things like body shaming and using pronouns to describe gender should be subverted as a result as it is found that one in every hundred babies are said to be different from being classed as male or female.

2) How does the article use narrative to engage the reader? Try and apply narrative theory here if possible.

The article uses narrative through Todorov's theory as there is a disequilibrium set up about gender and the way people see this which disrupts the equilibrium.

3) Why is this article significant?
This article is significant as it is highlighting issues to do with gender and creating a new outlook towards it.

4) How does this article reflect the values and ideologies of the modern Teen Vogue?

This reflects the ideologies of modern teen vogue as it takes a new approach to gender which means that it is creating a voice for the 'z' generation and creating this movement so that it can be made easier. This is what teen vogue aim to create a platform as the editor describes for everyone so they feel part of society.

Donald Trump Is Gaslighting America
1) Who is the writer and what is the article about?
Writer: Lauren Duca
This article is about how Trump claimed his power through 'gaslighting' which means he manipulated everyone till it got to a point where they question themselves and made promises to get more popular.

2) How does the article use narrative to engage the reader? Try and apply narrative theory here if possible.

This article uses narrative by giving enigma codes to audiences through the phrase 'gaslighting' and this keeps audiences want to carry on reading as they would want to know what this essentially is.

3) Why is this article significant?

This article is significant as it creates an ongoing narrative for audiences so they are aware of what Trump is actually doing so readers act upon this.

4) How does this article reflect the values and ideologies of the modern Teen Vogue?

The article reflects values and ideologies through talking about the elite and keeping up with politics so readers can respond to it.
The new face of teen activism 

1) Who is the writer and what is the article about?
writer: Alexis Manrodt
This article is about social awareness and feminism and how the internet is being used to raise issues so people can respond.

2) How does the article use narrative to engage the reader? Try and apply narrative theory here if possible.
The article uses narrative through Propp's theory as the article talks about a girl called Maryam who works for human rights and claims how people should ask themselves before they sleep what they did to create a difference today. This highlights the helper character in a way so that people do act upon certain issues.

3) Why is this article significant?
This article is significant as it claims how now younger people do raise their voices through the use of the internet as there are many platforms for them to create a voice.

4) How does this article reflect the values and ideologies of the modern Teen Vogue?

This reflects values and ideologies of teen vogue as it takes an approach of social activism and talks about how privacy is also necessary for today's society because of globalisation and how there are risks increasing and teen vogue is helping to overcome this.

News archive 7: 'i' newspaper "No ambulance, no midwife and she came out feet-first’: The women forced to give birth in cells"

1)Provide the title and weblink;
https://inews.co.uk/inews-lifestyle/women/no-ambulance-no-midwife-and-she-came-out-feet-first-the-women-forced-to-give-birth-in-prison-cells/

2)Include a relevant image, graphics or screenshot;

3)Summarise the story in your own words: is this is an example of hard news or soft news?
This is an example of soft news and is about women who lack access to proper health and welfare needs when it comes to giving birth. This story claims that how women are giving birth in prison cells and a woman had to give birth there as she was denied that she was not in labour. she gave birth and had two nurses with her that were not sufficiently trained.

4)Explain how or why this story appeals to an audience (use media terminology and theory here).
This story could appeal to audiences as it is a surprise that even in the UK there is still a lack of proper healthcare when it comes to these cases. This provides surveillance to the audience as applied to Blumler and Katz about the welfare in Uk today.

5)Comment on the story: to what extent does it reflect the values and ideologies of the website? Is this an example of quality journalism simply clickbait? 
This reflects values and ideologies of the newspaper as it as a separate section for women on the website suggests that it is in favour of feminism and takes a democratic approach. This story can raise awareness of these cases that are not being reported so individuals can become aware as a result.

News Archive 7: "Daily mail Teenagers set themselves on FIRE as part of a new social media 'challenge' that is leaving them in hospital with serious burns"

1)Provide the title and weblink;
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-6397807/Teenagers-set-FIRE-new-social-media-challenge.html

2)Include a relevant image, graphics or screenshot;

3)Summarise the story in your own words: is this is an example of hard news or soft news?
This example of soft news and is about youngsters who are setting themselves on fire due to this new insane craze of a social media challenge. The resulted in severe burns on many youngsters and life support treatment.

4)Explain how or why this story appeals to an audience (use media terminology and theory here).
This story could appeal to audiences as it raises awareness of what social media is making youngsters despite the dangers attached to it. This talks about the pressures placed on individuals to prove themselves so they can feel a part of this new internet trend.

5)Comment on the story: to what extent does it reflect the values and ideologies of the website? Is this an example of quality journalism simply clickbait? 
This is an example of quality journalism as it is about a serious issue and not just anything which is not necessary.

End of audience blog tasks

1) Looking over the article as a whole, what are some of the positive developments due to the internet highlighted by Bill Thompson?

The positive developments due to the internet that Thompson highlights include, the internet helps users to connect with others globally, a great source to find information, allows us to campaign and provides us with a source for political action to take place, draws attention to abuse and human right issues, source for money through gaming and education.

2) What are the negatives or dangers linked to the development of the internet?

A lot of bullying and abuse takes place there. There’s pornography that you don’t want to see, and illegal images of child abuse that you might come across. Extremists and radicals can use the network to try to influence people to join their cause, and fraud, scams, ripoffs and malicious software are everywhere. Then there’s the dark web, made up of websites and online services accessed via specialised browsers and tools that make it very hard to identify who is using them, which is used to sell drugs and for other illegal activity.

3) What does ‘open technology’ refer to? Do you agree with the idea of ‘open technology’?

This refers to technologies which are built to suit the principles of equality, social justice, and free expressions that are evident in our society.
Does it mean an internet built around the ‘end-to-end’ principle, where any connected
computer can exchange data with any other computer, while the network itself is unaware of the ‘meaning’ of the bits exchanged?

4) Bill Thompson outlines some of the challenges and questions for the future of the internet. What are they?
"We cannot simply pull down the walls to the unimpeded flow of information and expect no consequences, so while I continue to think that the real benefits of the network will only

be seen if we make it as open as possible, I know that openness carries a price. And of course, we could decide to do things differently. Over a decade ago lawyer Lawrence Lessig pointed out, in Code and other Laws of Cyberspace, that CODE IS LAW.

5) Where do you stand on the use and regulation of the internet? Should there be more control or more openness? Why?

Clay Shirky: Here Comes Everybody:

1) How does Shirky define a ‘profession’ and why does it apply to the traditional newspaper industry?
He says that "a profession exists to solve a hard problem, one that requires some sort of specialisation". He then describes a race car driver as a professional, however, most adults do not have to be a professional to drive a car, as it requires minimal training. Professionals are there as "gatekeepers", solely responsible for withholding providing the information. This links to newspaper producers and journalists. 

2) What is the question facing the newspaper industry now the internet has created a “new ecosystem”?
Problems of production and distribution are much less serious, therefore the media is less and less in the hands of professionals. This sparks the question of how society will be informed about the news of the day.

3) Why did Trent Lott’s speech in 2002 become news?It didn't at first- very little coverage covered the events of what happened in his party-including the speech- because it was regarded as a salutary event rather than a political one so it was rendered unimportant. As it received no coverage the day after (on a Friday), it would still be seen as unimportant on Saturday, the day after, and the day after that. 

4) What is ‘mass amateurisation’?
Mass amateurisation refers to the capabilities that new forms of media have given to non-professionals and the ways in which those non-professionals have applied those capabilities to solve problems (e.g. create and distribute content) that compete with the solutions offered by larger, professional institutions.

5) Shirky suggests that: “The same idea, published in dozens or hundreds of places, can have an amplifying effect that outweighs the verdict from the smaller number of professional outlets.” How can this be linked to the current media landscape and particularly ‘fake news’?
This can be linked to the current media today because of fake news spreads so easily with social media and the internet within the 21st century. The amplifying effect is then seen as the way the individual perceives the news and what is actually believed by the individual.

6) What does Shirky suggest about the social effects of technological change? Does this mean we are currently in the midst of the internet “revolution” or “chaos” Shirky mentions?
Social effects lag behind technological changes, there is long period of chaos then they reach the new change. It means we are in a chaos.



7) Shirky says that “anyone can be a publisher… [and] anyone can be a journalist”. What does this mean and why is it important?
He claims that before there was a shortage now there is not because of the rise in technological change and the media. He claims that anyone now can go and publish and become a journalist because there is a more equal chance. He claims no one will hold back and ask themselves if we need this or not but they will essentially just do it which loses professional control.

8) What does Shirky suggest regarding the hundred years following the printing press revolution? Is there any evidence of this “intellectual and political chaos” in recent global events following the internet revolution?
9) Why is photography a good example of ‘mass amateurisation’?
When photos are taken they normally are for proof for audiences within the media and they are a good example of mass amateaurisation as anyone can take them and use them within the media. The creation of online photo hosting sites which created a threat to professional photographing.  

10) What do you think of Shirky’s ideas on the ‘End of audience’? Is this era of ‘mass amateurisation’ a positive thing? Or are we in a period of “intellectual and political chaos” where things are more broken than fixed? 

I believe we are in an era of intellectual and political chaos where the public follows and reads what catches their attention but the power is helped by media conglomerates who dominate more than the general public. The things in society are 'half fixed' and 'half broken' as the power is being dominated and things want to be done to make new changes that the media promote but cannot be done due too the lack of power.

News story archive 6: 'i' "Millions of frogs are factory farmed in shocking conditions – it’s time we stopped this abuse of animals Read more at: https://inews.co.uk/opinion/comment/frog-farming-intensity-problem/

1)Provide the title and Weblink;
https://inews.co.uk/opinion/comment/frog-farming-intensity-problem/

2)Include a relevant image, graphic or screenshot;

3)Summarise the story in your own words: is this is an example of hard news or soft news?
This story is about the harm caused to frogs in factory farming. This story is about how this meat is not even eaten that much but yet these frogs are harmed and kept in inhumane conditions.The frogs struggle aggressively until they reach a point of absolute exhaustion. It can take up to a full hour before they finally die.

4)Explain how or why this story appeals to an audience (use media terminology and theory here).
This story appeals to audience as it provides surveillance to audiences about the factory farming conditions. 

5)Comment on the story: to what extent does it reflect the values and ideologies of the newspaper? Is this an example of quality journalism or simply click-bait? 

The ideologies are reflected is that the newspaper takes a environmentalist approach taking this sympathy for animals. The newspaper highlights how we can make a difference and highlights the importance.

News Archive 6: The daily mail "I'll do anything to look like Ivanka Trump!' Woman, 34, undergoes NINE plastic surgeries including a nose job and butt lift to transform into her idol, the first daughter"

1)Provide the title and Weblink;
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-6355911/Woman-undergoes-NINE-plastic-surgeries-transform-idol-Ivanka-Trump.html

2)Include a relevant image, graphic or screenshot;

3)Summarise the story in your own words: is this is an example of hard news or soft news?

This story is about a women who wants to get surgery to like Ivanka Trump and went through 9 plastic surgeries to make this possible. She went through procedure of the Brazilian butt lift and nose and lip filter. The total of her procedure cost her 30,000 dollars and was satisfied after she got this look done.

4)Explain how or why this story appeals to an audience (use media terminology and theory here).
This story could appeal to audiences as it is shocking to see someone wanting to look like someone who they don't even know. This could be appealing for audiences as it provides them with surveillance and diversion as it gives information and pleasure for entertaining audiences in this way. It is also crucial in the media today and could be applied to postmodernism in how construction of identities has become so liberal. The fact that image and reality cannot be distinguished because people are using icons in the media to construct themselves.

5)Comment on the story: to what extent does it reflect the values and ideologies of the newspaper? Is this an example of quality journalism or simply click-bait? 
It could reflect ideologies of the newspaper as it could suggest how easy it is for people to look so good regardless of anything. This may appeal to audiences as they may also want to construct themselves in this way. It could also suggest how the elite in the media dominate promoting their looks and characteristics so people are able to make themselves feel popular.